Casio V.P.A.M. calculators are scientific calculators made by Casio which use Casio's Visually Perfect Algebraic Method (V.P.A.M.), Natural Display or Natural V.P.A.M. input methods.
- Casio Fx 82 Super Fraction User Manual Diagram
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- Casio Fx 82 Super Fraction Manual
- Casio Fx-82 Super Fraction Calculator Manual
© 2020 Casio Electronics Co.Ltd.
V.P.A.M. is an infix system for entering mathematical expressions, used by Casio in most of its current scientific calculators. In the infix notation the precedence of mathematical operators is taken into account. According to Casio, in V.P.A.M. calculations can be input exactly as they are normally written. Functions, operators and symbols are shown on the calculator display and calculations are performed according to operator precedence.
History[edit]
The V.P.A.M. name was first introduced in 1994 with the introduction of the fx-991S and other 'S' series scientific calculators in Japan. In 1998, the Casio fx-991W model used a two-tier (multi-line) display and the system was termed as S-V.P.A.M. (Super V.P.A.M.). The model featured a 5×6-dot LCD matrix cells on the top line of the screen and a 7-segment LCD on the bottom line of the screen that had been used in Casio fx-4500P programmable calculators.[1] The S-V.P.A.M. system was also used in the other W series models and also the MS series of calculators that followed. V.P.A.M. is similar to the Direct Algebraic Logic (D.A.L.) used by Sharp in some of their scientific calculators.
The fx-82ES introduced by Casio in 2004 was the first calculator to incorporate the Natural Textbook Display (or Natural Display) system. It allowed the display of expressions of fractions, exponents, logarithms, powers and square roots etc. as they are written in a standard textbook. Natural Display uses natural representation of mathematical expressions and formulas through a 96×31 dot matrixLCD display. Casio uses the term Natural V.P.A.M. for the fx-ES Plus series of calculators which are the upgraded version of the fx-ES series.
In early 2015, Casio introduced a new line of calculators called CLASSWIZ for different markets, featuring a high resolution (192×63) dot matrix Natural Textbook Display and incorporating spreadsheet functions in some models. This series of calculators is called the fx-EX series and it succeeds the fx-ES Plus series of calculators.
List of calculators[edit]
Note: Italic figures in parentheses indicate the year of introduction, e.g.: (c. 1994)
V.P.A.M. (Visually perfect algebraic method)[edit]
Models:
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- fx-991S / 570S / 911S / 992S (c. 1994)
- fx-115S / 100S / 122S (c. 1995)
- fx-993S (c. 1996)
- fx-300S (a simplified 8+2 digit version)
S-V.P.A.M. (Two-line, Multi-replay)[edit]
- fx-350TL
- fx-82TL
W-series[edit]
Changes to S-series calculators include:
- 2-line LCD display featuring 5×6-dot matrix cells top line and 7-segment LCD bottom line that had been used in Casio fx-4500P programmable calculators (used 5×7-dot matrix cells).[2]
- fx-991W / 570W / 115W / 100W / 115WA (c. 1998-99)
- fx-82TL / 83W / 85W / 85WA / 300W / 350TL / 83WA / 270W (c. 1998-99)
MS-series[edit]
Revised variants of W Series of calculators including new functions such as:
- Relocation of multiple functions into menus, previously featured in Casio fx-5500LA,[3] but function is selected by numeric keypad
- Multiple statement recall
Non-programmable models:
- fx-991MS / 570MS / 115MS / 100MS / 95MS / 85MS / 350MS / 82MS (early 2000s)
- fx-912MS (Japanese version of the fx-115MS)
- fx-300MS (U.S. model)
- OH-300MS (Overhead projection model), fx-100AU (Australia specific)
- fx-500MS (Vietnam)
- fx-290 (Japan)
- fx-220 PLUS (International)
Programmable models:
- fx-3650/3950P (International)
- fx-3650P II (International)
- fx-50F PLUS (International)
- fx-50FH (Hong Kong)
- fx-50FH II (Hong Kong)
- fx-72F (Japan)
Natural Textbook Display[edit]
Revised version of the MS Series including the following changes:
- Mutli-line 96×31 dot matrix displays, but character cells are connected by dots like graphing calculators
- The ability to display and edit mathematical formulae in more visual formats
- Revised design of function menu interface, previously featured in Casio fx-4800P[4]
- No engineering symbol (SI prefixes) input or display facility, which was available in certain MS / W / S series models (fx-100, 115, 570 and 991MS / W / S).
Model-specific features include:
- Numerical integration uses Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula
Models:
- fx-991ES / 570ES / 115ES (c. 2004)
- fx-500ES / 350ES / 300ES / 85ES / 83ES / 82ES (c. 2004)
- OH-300ES (Overhead projection model)
- FC-100/200V (financial functions)
Natural V.P.A.M.[edit]
Models:
- fx-82AU PLUS II (Australia)
- fx-100AU PLUS (Australia)
- fx-82ES PLUS A (China, simplified Chinese messages)
- fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 570 / 991ES PLUS (c. 2008-09)
- fx-115 / 300ES PLUS (U.S.)
- fx-991ES PLUS C (Canadian version of fx-115ES PLUS)
- fx-82 / 85 / 87 / 991DE PLUS (Germany)
- fx-85GT/fx-83GT Plus (EU specific)
- fx-82 / 991ZA Plus (South Africa)
- fx-373 / 913 / 573 / 993ES (2008) (Japan)
- fx-375 / 915 / 995ES (2012) (Japan)
- fx-500 / 570VN PLUS (Vietnam)
- fx-95 / 96SG PLUS (Singapore)
- fx-991ID PLUS (Indonesia)
- OH-300ES PLUS (Overhead projection model)
- fx-FD10 Pro (International civil engineering model)
The CPU found in those models is based on the nX-U8/100 architecture.[5]
ClassWiz (High-resolution Natural Textbook Display)[edit]
Changes to the ES PLUS series include:
- Standard 192×63 display
- Icon-based mode menu previously used on Casio fx-9700GE graphing calculators
- Mode-specific functions are accessible via a unified function key as in fx-4800P
Model-specific features include:
- Scientific constants and conversion functions are grouped into categories
- Multilingual messages (excluding EX models and DE X models)
- QR code export (excluding CN X models, VN X models and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL)
- Multiline display supports up to 6 rows (excluding JP series, fx-530AZ STUDY CAL and fx-580VN X)
- Vector mode now supports maximum 4-variable vectors and 4 user-defined vector storage
- Matrix mode now supports maximum 4×4 matrices and 4 user-defined matrix storage
- New spreadsheet mode (excluding CN X and VN X models)
- Simultaneous linear equation solver supports up to 4 variables
- Polynomial equation solver supports up to 4th degree equations and inequalities
- Engineering symbols display and entry previously found in MS / W / S / D-series calculators
- Periodic table mode with atomic weight information (JP900 and 570/991 CE X only)[6]
Models:
- fx-82 / 85 / 350 / 570 / 991EX (2015 1Q) (International)[7]
- fx-JP500 / 700 / 900 and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL (late 2014) (Japan)
- fx-87 / 991DE X (Germany)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991CE X (Central Europe)
- fx-85GT X (2019) (EU, UK)
- fx-92 Spéciale Collège (France)
- fx-92B Spéciale Collège (Belgium)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991SP X II Iberia / fx-85SP X II Iberia (Portugal, Spain)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991LA X (Latin America)
- fx-82 / 95 / 570 / 991AR X Iberia, fx-95AR X, fx-570AR X, fx-991AR X (2015) (Middle East, Arabic Africa)[8]
- fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 991CN X 中文版 (Chinese Edition) (2014) (China)[9]
- fx-580VN X (Vietnam)
- fx-97SG X (Singapore)
References[edit]
- ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
- ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
- ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-5500LA
- ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-4800P
- ^https://www.oki.com/jp/Home/JIS/Books/KENKAI/n203/pdf/203_R06.pdf
- ^https://casio.jp/dentaku/products/fx-JP900/
- ^'Casio to Release World's First Standard Scientific Calculator Equipped with a Spreadsheet Function'. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
- ^'Casio to Release World's First Standard Scientific Calculator Which Displays Arabic Script on the Screen'. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
- ^【ClassWiz联测】卡西欧旗舰型号991CNX/JP900/991DEX/991SPX对比
See also[edit]
A graphic calculator from Casio, the Casio Algebra FX 2.0 Plus | |
| Type | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Casio |
| Introduced | 2001 |
| Calculator | |
| Entry mode | Infix |
| Display type | |
| Display size | 128×64 dots |
| Programming | |
| Programming language(s) | BASIC-like |
| User memory | 144 kibibyte RAM, 768 kibibyte Flash |
| Other | |
| Power supply | four AAAalkaline batteries |
| Weight | 213 gram |
Graphic calculators made by Casio include the touchscreen ClassPad 300 as well as the models with traditional buttons which can be divided into two main generations listed below.Casio produced the world's first graphing calculator, the fx-7000G.
First Generation[edit]
Original Series[edit]
First produced in 1985, these include the fx-7000G, fx-6000G, fx-6500G, fx-7200G, fx-7500G, fx-8000G, fx-8500G.
Power Graphic Series (1990)[edit]
Around 1990, the Power Graphic series introduced: F1 through F6 shortcut keys which enabled significantly greater ease of use, polar, parametric and inequality graphs; box and factor zoom; multiple graph scrolling; range initialization; integration; matrix mode; fractions; permutations; combinations; normal probabilities; SI unit symbols;Models: fx-7700G, fx-7700GB, fx-8700G, fx-8700GB. The GB models have a communications port.(French versions: fx-7800G, fx-7800GC, fx-8800G, fx-8800GC).
Also made was the low-end fx-6300G (French: fx-6800G) with a smaller screen and fewer features, and the fx-6200G which didn't have any programming facility.
Icon Menu Power Graphic series (1993)[edit]
Around 1993, the Icon Menu Power Graphic series introduced: An icon-driven menu interface, further increasing ease of use, numerical differentiation; matrices in programs; and an equation solver. Models: fx-7700GE, later renamed fx-7700GH.(French version: fx-7900GC)
Additionally there were models with 24K memory which introduced: dynamic graphing; complex numbers; table mode; more advanced equation solver; larger matrices (255x255); sigma calculations; graph solver for roots, intercepts, max and mins. These include the fx-9700GE, later renamed fx-9700GH (wider screen) and the CFX-9800G (3-color screen).(French versions: fx-9900GC, CFX-9900GC)
Also made with an icon menu but none of the above features was the fx-7300G (French: fx-6900G).
Second Generation[edit]
9850 series (9750/9850/9950/9970)[edit]
Casio CFX-9850GB PlusCasio CFX-9850GB Plus | |
| Type | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Casio |
| Introduced | 1998 |
| Calculator | |
| Entry mode | Infix |
| Display type | |
| Display size | 128×64 dots |
| Programming | |
| Programming language(s) | BASIC-like |
| User memory | 32 kibibyte |
| Other | |
| Power supply | four AAAalkaline batteries |
| Weight | 190 gram |
First manufactured in 1996, there have been numerous variations of the CFX-9850G. The 9850 series models have 3-colour screens apart from the fx-9750G which is black and white. The 9950G has 64k memory compared to the 32k of the original 9850G. The 9970G has symbolic algebra. Later versions such as Ga, GB and GC models fixed some bugs from the original G model and added some stats and finance features. The GB models have a built-in software library.
- 2-line LCD display featuring 5×6-dot matrix cells top line and 7-segment LCD bottom line that had been used in Casio fx-4500P programmable calculators (used 5×7-dot matrix cells).[2]
- fx-991W / 570W / 115W / 100W / 115WA (c. 1998-99)
- fx-82TL / 83W / 85W / 85WA / 300W / 350TL / 83WA / 270W (c. 1998-99)
MS-series[edit]
Revised variants of W Series of calculators including new functions such as:
- Relocation of multiple functions into menus, previously featured in Casio fx-5500LA,[3] but function is selected by numeric keypad
- Multiple statement recall
Non-programmable models:
- fx-991MS / 570MS / 115MS / 100MS / 95MS / 85MS / 350MS / 82MS (early 2000s)
- fx-912MS (Japanese version of the fx-115MS)
- fx-300MS (U.S. model)
- OH-300MS (Overhead projection model), fx-100AU (Australia specific)
- fx-500MS (Vietnam)
- fx-290 (Japan)
- fx-220 PLUS (International)
Programmable models:
- fx-3650/3950P (International)
- fx-3650P II (International)
- fx-50F PLUS (International)
- fx-50FH (Hong Kong)
- fx-50FH II (Hong Kong)
- fx-72F (Japan)
Natural Textbook Display[edit]
Revised version of the MS Series including the following changes:
- Mutli-line 96×31 dot matrix displays, but character cells are connected by dots like graphing calculators
- The ability to display and edit mathematical formulae in more visual formats
- Revised design of function menu interface, previously featured in Casio fx-4800P[4]
- No engineering symbol (SI prefixes) input or display facility, which was available in certain MS / W / S series models (fx-100, 115, 570 and 991MS / W / S).
Model-specific features include:
- Numerical integration uses Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula
Models:
- fx-991ES / 570ES / 115ES (c. 2004)
- fx-500ES / 350ES / 300ES / 85ES / 83ES / 82ES (c. 2004)
- OH-300ES (Overhead projection model)
- FC-100/200V (financial functions)
Natural V.P.A.M.[edit]
Models:
- fx-82AU PLUS II (Australia)
- fx-100AU PLUS (Australia)
- fx-82ES PLUS A (China, simplified Chinese messages)
- fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 570 / 991ES PLUS (c. 2008-09)
- fx-115 / 300ES PLUS (U.S.)
- fx-991ES PLUS C (Canadian version of fx-115ES PLUS)
- fx-82 / 85 / 87 / 991DE PLUS (Germany)
- fx-85GT/fx-83GT Plus (EU specific)
- fx-82 / 991ZA Plus (South Africa)
- fx-373 / 913 / 573 / 993ES (2008) (Japan)
- fx-375 / 915 / 995ES (2012) (Japan)
- fx-500 / 570VN PLUS (Vietnam)
- fx-95 / 96SG PLUS (Singapore)
- fx-991ID PLUS (Indonesia)
- OH-300ES PLUS (Overhead projection model)
- fx-FD10 Pro (International civil engineering model)
The CPU found in those models is based on the nX-U8/100 architecture.[5]
ClassWiz (High-resolution Natural Textbook Display)[edit]
Changes to the ES PLUS series include:
- Standard 192×63 display
- Icon-based mode menu previously used on Casio fx-9700GE graphing calculators
- Mode-specific functions are accessible via a unified function key as in fx-4800P
Model-specific features include:
- Scientific constants and conversion functions are grouped into categories
- Multilingual messages (excluding EX models and DE X models)
- QR code export (excluding CN X models, VN X models and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL)
- Multiline display supports up to 6 rows (excluding JP series, fx-530AZ STUDY CAL and fx-580VN X)
- Vector mode now supports maximum 4-variable vectors and 4 user-defined vector storage
- Matrix mode now supports maximum 4×4 matrices and 4 user-defined matrix storage
- New spreadsheet mode (excluding CN X and VN X models)
- Simultaneous linear equation solver supports up to 4 variables
- Polynomial equation solver supports up to 4th degree equations and inequalities
- Engineering symbols display and entry previously found in MS / W / S / D-series calculators
- Periodic table mode with atomic weight information (JP900 and 570/991 CE X only)[6]
Models:
- fx-82 / 85 / 350 / 570 / 991EX (2015 1Q) (International)[7]
- fx-JP500 / 700 / 900 and fx-530AZ STUDY CAL (late 2014) (Japan)
- fx-87 / 991DE X (Germany)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991CE X (Central Europe)
- fx-85GT X (2019) (EU, UK)
- fx-92 Spéciale Collège (France)
- fx-92B Spéciale Collège (Belgium)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991SP X II Iberia / fx-85SP X II Iberia (Portugal, Spain)
- fx-82 / 350 / 570 / 991LA X (Latin America)
- fx-82 / 95 / 570 / 991AR X Iberia, fx-95AR X, fx-570AR X, fx-991AR X (2015) (Middle East, Arabic Africa)[8]
- fx-82 / 95 / 350 / 991CN X 中文版 (Chinese Edition) (2014) (China)[9]
- fx-580VN X (Vietnam)
- fx-97SG X (Singapore)
References[edit]
- ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
- ^Casio fx-4500P: Nice looking pocket machine made in China
- ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-5500LA
- ^Kyoro's Room Blog CASIO fx-4800P
- ^https://www.oki.com/jp/Home/JIS/Books/KENKAI/n203/pdf/203_R06.pdf
- ^https://casio.jp/dentaku/products/fx-JP900/
- ^'Casio to Release World's First Standard Scientific Calculator Equipped with a Spreadsheet Function'. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
- ^'Casio to Release World's First Standard Scientific Calculator Which Displays Arabic Script on the Screen'. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
- ^【ClassWiz联测】卡西欧旗舰型号991CNX/JP900/991DEX/991SPX对比
See also[edit]
A graphic calculator from Casio, the Casio Algebra FX 2.0 Plus | |
| Type | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Casio |
| Introduced | 2001 |
| Calculator | |
| Entry mode | Infix |
| Display type | |
| Display size | 128×64 dots |
| Programming | |
| Programming language(s) | BASIC-like |
| User memory | 144 kibibyte RAM, 768 kibibyte Flash |
| Other | |
| Power supply | four AAAalkaline batteries |
| Weight | 213 gram |
Graphic calculators made by Casio include the touchscreen ClassPad 300 as well as the models with traditional buttons which can be divided into two main generations listed below.Casio produced the world's first graphing calculator, the fx-7000G.
First Generation[edit]
Original Series[edit]
First produced in 1985, these include the fx-7000G, fx-6000G, fx-6500G, fx-7200G, fx-7500G, fx-8000G, fx-8500G.
Power Graphic Series (1990)[edit]
Around 1990, the Power Graphic series introduced: F1 through F6 shortcut keys which enabled significantly greater ease of use, polar, parametric and inequality graphs; box and factor zoom; multiple graph scrolling; range initialization; integration; matrix mode; fractions; permutations; combinations; normal probabilities; SI unit symbols;Models: fx-7700G, fx-7700GB, fx-8700G, fx-8700GB. The GB models have a communications port.(French versions: fx-7800G, fx-7800GC, fx-8800G, fx-8800GC).
Also made was the low-end fx-6300G (French: fx-6800G) with a smaller screen and fewer features, and the fx-6200G which didn't have any programming facility.
Icon Menu Power Graphic series (1993)[edit]
Around 1993, the Icon Menu Power Graphic series introduced: An icon-driven menu interface, further increasing ease of use, numerical differentiation; matrices in programs; and an equation solver. Models: fx-7700GE, later renamed fx-7700GH.(French version: fx-7900GC)
Additionally there were models with 24K memory which introduced: dynamic graphing; complex numbers; table mode; more advanced equation solver; larger matrices (255x255); sigma calculations; graph solver for roots, intercepts, max and mins. These include the fx-9700GE, later renamed fx-9700GH (wider screen) and the CFX-9800G (3-color screen).(French versions: fx-9900GC, CFX-9900GC)
Also made with an icon menu but none of the above features was the fx-7300G (French: fx-6900G).
Second Generation[edit]
9850 series (9750/9850/9950/9970)[edit]
Casio CFX-9850GB PlusCasio CFX-9850GB Plus | |
| Type | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Casio |
| Introduced | 1998 |
| Calculator | |
| Entry mode | Infix |
| Display type | |
| Display size | 128×64 dots |
| Programming | |
| Programming language(s) | BASIC-like |
| User memory | 32 kibibyte |
| Other | |
| Power supply | four AAAalkaline batteries |
| Weight | 190 gram |
First manufactured in 1996, there have been numerous variations of the CFX-9850G. The 9850 series models have 3-colour screens apart from the fx-9750G which is black and white. The 9950G has 64k memory compared to the 32k of the original 9850G. The 9970G has symbolic algebra. Later versions such as Ga, GB and GC models fixed some bugs from the original G model and added some stats and finance features. The GB models have a built-in software library.
(French versions: 9750=Graph 30,35,fx-8930GT; 9850,9950=Graph 60,65,CFX-9930GT,9940,9960; 9970=Graph 80)
7400 Series[edit]
First made in the year 1996, this series is like a cut-down version of the 9850 series. For instance it does not have the commands Getkey, Locate, Text or matrices or complex numbers, and the screen is smaller.
Models: fx-7400G, fx-7400G Plus, fx-7450G, fx-7400G Plus GY (French versions: fx-6910G, Graph 20, Graph 25, FX-7400G II
Algebra FX series[edit]
First made in the year 1999, these have flash memory which provides larger capacity than previous models, however due to the short lifespan of the original flash memory used, these calculators stop working after a few years. Casio has stated that this problem has been fixed. The Algebra FX 2.0 versions have symbolic algebra, while the FX 1.0 versions do not. There are community written tools for accessing the ROM-DOS operating system thus allowing C and Pascal compilers to be used.
Models: Algebra FX 2.0, FX 1.0, Algebra FX 2.0 Plus, FX 1.0 Plus (French versions: Graph 100, Graph 100+)
9860 G/GII series[edit]
First made in the year 2005, the 9860 models are much faster than previous models and can be programmed in C/C++ using the official software development kit.
In 2009 the GII models were produced along with a corresponding OS update for the original 9860G, with new functions gcd/lcm/mod, random integer, units conversion, string functions, and new probability and inverse probability distributions available within programs. The 9860G OS update was not absolutely identical to an actual 9860GII model.
The fx-9860G Slim and fx-9860GII have a backlight display.
Models: fx-9860G, fx-9860G SD, fx-9860G Slim, fx-9860GII, fx-9860GII SD, fx-9750GII, fx-7400GII (French versions: Graph 85, Graph 85 SD, Graph 85 Slim, Graph 75, Graph 95, Graph 35+ USB, Graph 25+ Pro)
Casio Fx 82 Super Fraction User Manual Diagram
Australia only: fx-9860G AU, fx-9860G AU Plus
The fx-9750GII and fx-7400GII are low-budget versions with restricted OS functionality. Also, the fx-7400GII does not have a USB 1.1 port.
The architecture of the 9750GII is similar to the 9860GII and therefore the former can be unofficially upgraded to the latter Operating System offering more features particularly pretty printed equations and Vector arithmetic. This is not supported by Casio.
fx-CG Prizm series[edit]
Announced for January 2011, these models have a high-resolution color display (396x224 screen with 384x216 pixels (21x8 characters) window[1] with 216 colors), a USB 2.0 port, 16 MB of flash memory and a feature called Picture Plot.[2] The Prizm is permitted on all major standardized tests including ACT, SAT, AP, GCSE and GCE examinations.[3] The only known difference between the fx-CG10 and the fx-CG20 Prizm versions is that the fx-CG10 cannot open picture files that have been edited by users.[4] SD card slot is no longer available. The processor is based on a custom Renesas SH4-A family SH7305 CPU.[5]
Additional features over fx-9860GII include:
- Real time integration display
- Random sample in probability calculations
- Conditional format in spreadsheet
- preloaded Picture Plot
- Preloaded Metric conversion
- USB connection to computer now treats calculator as mass storage device
Although no official SDK has been released yet, several community SDKs exist using either some of the fx-9860G SDK tools or parts of the GNU toolchain.[6] The Prizm Mini-SDK originally required Casio fx-9860 SDK to function,[7] which was later replaced by PrizmSDK.[8]
- Models: fx-CG10 (North America), fx-CG20 (other regions)
- Australia models: fx-CG20 AU
- China models: fx-CG20 CN
Programming[edit]
Casio graphic calculators use a BASIC-like programming language but variable names are restricted to single letters A-Z which are shared by all programs including subroutines which are stored as separate programs. This means there are no local variables, they are all global. These variables are also shared by other functions of the calculator. For example, drawing a graph will overwrite the X and Y values.
Casio Fx 82 Super Fraction User Manual Pdf
First generation programming language[edit]
Loops are constructed by incrementing or decrementing the value of a variable with the Isz and Dsz commands in conjunction with the Lbl and Goto commands, rather than using simpler For or While commands. Arrays are achieved by overwriting other letters, for example A[0]=A, A[1]=B, A[2]=C. The available space for arrays can be extended with the Defm command so that Z[1], Z[2] etc. can be used depending on how much unused memory capacity is available.
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Second generation programming language[edit]
Compared to the first generation models these have many more commands including: For and While Loops, If. Then structures and the ability for real-time user interaction with the Getkey command and the ability to place characters anywhere on the screen with the Locate and Text commands. Also the method for using array variables was changed to using lists and matrices.
Games[edit]
Some of the more recent Casio calculators have come with software that allows the user to link the computer to the calculator, download games already written for the calculators or code their own games and then have the software sync it to the device, from here the user can open up the games on the calculator and play them; all of the games are coded by the community and so feature copies of popular games that could be recoded to work on the device for example Tetris, Pong and Snake; more complex games can also be coded, however due to storage constraints the size is limited.
References[edit]
- ^Prizm display resolution different than 384×216 pixels ?
- ^fx-CG series - Products - CASIO WEW Worldwide EducationArchived October 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Casio Prizm fx-CG10 Review
- ^Fx-cg10 Vs. Fx-cg20 Prizm Versions.
- ^Technical Info
- ^Casio Prizm SDKs made by the community
- ^Prizm C Development
- ^Casio Prizm SDKs made by the community
Casio Fx 82 Super Fraction Manual
External links[edit]
Casio Fx-82 Super Fraction Calculator Manual
